Concrete is often cast as the climate villain of the built environment. As the most widely used artificial material on Earth, Portland cement—and its production—are responsible for roughly 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions. However, a sophisticated branch of material science is revealing a more nuanced story. Far from being a static mass, concrete is a chemically active participant in the carbon cycle through a process known as carbonation.
Understanding how concrete “breathes” carbon throughout its life and comparing this to the “upfront” debt of embodied carbon is essential for designing the multi-story buildings of the future.
The Science of Carbonation: Concrete as a Sponge
Carbonation is a naturally occurring chemical reaction in which atmospheric carbon dioxide penetrates the surface of concrete and reacts with calcium hydroxide and other hydration products within the cement paste. This reaction forms calcium carbonate—essentially turning the concrete back into a form of limestone.
This process is not instantaneous. It begins at the exposed surface and moves inward at a rate determined by the concrete’s porosity, humidity, and concentration. In a typical multi-story building, this “uptake” happens silently over decades. While carbonation can be a concern for reinforced concrete—because it lowers the pH and can eventually lead to the corrosion of steel rebar—modern engineering allows us to account for this while still utilizing concrete’s role as a permanent carbon sink.
Embodied Carbon vs. Lifecycle Uptake
To understand the true impact of a building, we must look at the Whole Life Carbon (WLC) cycle.
1. The Upfront Debt (Embodied Carbon): This is the amount emitted during the “cradle-to-gate” phase—mining raw materials, heating kilns to create clinker (the main ingredient in cement), and transporting the concrete to the site. For a typical ten-story office building, the structural frame alone can account for thousands of tons.
2. The Use-Phase Credit (Sequestration): Research by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and organizations like The Concrete Centre suggests that over a building’s 50-to-100-year lifespan, approximately 15% to 25% of the emissions during the cement calcination process are reabsorbed through the surface of the structure.
While 25% reabsorption is significant, it does not “cancel out” the initial emissions. This gap is why the industry is pivoting toward low-carbon concrete. By replacing a portion of Portland cement with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) like ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) or pulverized fuel ash (PFA), engineers can reduce the initial embodied carbon by up to 50% before the building even opens its doors.
Concrete’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide is a vital albeit slow tool in the fight ro protect our environment.
The Second Life: Post-Demolition and Reuse
The most dramatic phase of carbon absorption occurs not when the building is standing, but when it is taken down. When a multi-story building is demolished, the concrete is typically crushed into smaller fragments.
This crushing process massively increases the surface area exposed to the atmosphere. While a solid wall can absorb carbon only at its surface, a pile of crushed concrete rubble acts as a highly efficient chemical filter. If this rubble is managed correctly—spread out and exposed to air rather than immediately buried—it can absorb an additional 5% to 10% of its original process emissions in just a few months.
Moving Toward Net Zero
The “sophistication” of measuring this uptake allows developers to claim carbon credits and provides a more accurate picture of a building’s environmental footprint. However, the ultimate goal is to close the loop.
Recent innovations in Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) aim to replicate the natural carbonation process in a factory setting. Technologies like Carbon Cure inject recycled material directly into the wet concrete mix during production. This not only sequesters the gas permanently but also triggers a chemical reaction that strengthens the concrete, reducing the amount of cement needed.
Summing Up
Concrete’s ability to reabsorb carbon dioxide is a vital, albeit slow, asset in our fight to protect the environment. By combining low-carbon mix designs (to reduce the upfront debt) with strategic demolition practices (to maximize end-of-life uptake), the built environment can transform from a carbon source into a more balanced participant in the global ecosystem. The future of the multi-story building lies in viewing concrete not just as a structural skeleton, but as a living material with a complex, decades-long relationship with the atmosphere.
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The Pacific Northwest Building Resilience Coalition is a gathering of organizations committed to advancing the planning, development, and construction of buildings and associated infrastructure that are better able to recover from and adapt to the growing impacts of an ever-changing urban and physical environment. Follow us at https://buildingresiliencecoalition.org/
